Fully or partially blind the camera by emitting light into it to hide objects. Not detecting objects like speed limit signs or traffic lights can jeopardize safety. Blinding occurs when the camera can't adjust the auto exposure or gain anymore, resulting in an overexposed image. The effectiveness of the blinding attack depends on three variables: Environmental light (brighter environments require more light to blind the camera), the light source used for blinding (i.e., wavelength), the distance between the light source and the camera.
Cameras have features like automatic exposure controls, auto-focus, and light-sensitivity. These can be targeted in attacks. Cameras normalize lighting conditions iteratively. Directing light at the image sensor can cause the camera to tune down its sensitivity and exposure, leading to undesired effects. For instance, auto exposure tuning down due to headlights at night could hide information in the background, such as traffic signs or pedestrians. The Google Driverless Car has been noted to be susceptible to this problem.
Cameras in ITS can detect traffic signs, delineation, or objects. These can be attacked in various ways: Traffic Sign Detection, can be fooled by placing fake traffic signs at improper locations or by hiding traffic signs with other shapes/colors to confuse the detection algorithms. Lane Detection can be confused by painting additional lines on the road or using different colors. Object Tracking is limited due to computational power or resolution. A denial of service can be caused by presenting too many objects to track.
In a Sybil attack, a malicious node illegitimately claims multiple identities and simultaneously exploits these fake identities to disturb the functionality of the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) by disseminating false information. In the presence of a Sybil node, any kind of attack can be launched on the VANET.
GNSS Jamming involves transmitting high-power signals to GNSS receivers, exploiting theweaker satellite signals that reach the ground. Jammers can degrade the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N 0) of the victim receiver or even cause it to "unlock."
GNSS Spoofing Attacks deceive receivers by transmitting counterfeit GNSS signals. The spoofing signals must match the authentic signals, Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) code sequence and frequency. The number of spoofed satellites usually equals the number of authentic signals. The navigation data bit stream structure remains the same, but content can be manipulated. The initial carrier phase alignment between spoofed and authentic signals is challenging, requiring precise relative positioning.