GNSS Spoofing Attacks

GNSS Spoofing Attacks deceive receivers by transmitting counterfeit GNSS signals. The spoofing signals must match the authentic signals Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) code sequence and frequency. The number of spoofed satellites usually equals the number of authentic signals. The navigation data bit stream structure remains the same, but content can be manipulated. The initial carrier phase alignment between spoofed and authentic signals is challenging, requiring precise relative positioning.